Human Services
Hyperthermia, A Hot Weather Hazard for Older People
Introduction
Warm weather and outdoor activity generally go hand in hand. However, it is important for older people to take action to avoid the severe health problems often caused by hot weather. “Hyperthermia” is the general name given to a variety of heat-related illnesses. The two most common forms of hyperthermia are heat exhaustion and heat stroke.
What causes hyperthermia?
Regardless of extreme weather conditions, the healthy human body keeps a steady temperature of 98.6° F (37° C). In hot weather, or during vigorous activity, the body perspires. As this perspiration evaporates from the skin, the body is cooled. If challenged by long periods of intense heat, the body may lose its ability to respond efficiently. When this occurs, a person can experience hyperthermia.
What can be done to prevent hyperthermia?
- Drink plenty of liquids, even if not thirsty.
- Dress in light-weight, light-colored, loose-fitting clothing.
- Avoid the mid-day heat and do not engage in vigorous activity during the hottest part of the day (noon - 4 p.m.).
- Wear a hat or use an umbrella for shade.
- If possible, use air conditioners liberally or try to visit air-conditioned places such as libraries, shopping malls, and theaters. For an air conditioner to be beneficial it should be set below 80° F.
- If not used to the heat, get accustomed to it slowly by exposing yourself to it briefly at first and increasing the time little by little.
- Avoid hot, heavy meals. Do a minimum of cooking and use an oven only when absolutely necessary.
- Ask your physician whether you are at particular risk because of medication.
Health and lifestyle risk factors
The temperature does not have to hit 100° for a person to be at risk. Both one’s general health and/or lifestyle may increase a person’s chance of suffering a heat-related illness.
Health factors which may increase risk include:
- Poor circulation, inefficient sweat glands, and changes in the skin caused by the normal aging process.
- Heat, lung, and kidney diseases, as well as any illness that causes general weakness or fever.
- High blood pressure or other conditions that require changes in diet. For example, people on salt restricted diets may increase their risk. However, salt pills should not be used without first asking a doctor.
- The inability to perspire, caused by medications including diuretics, sedatives and tranquilizers, and certain heart and blood pressure drugs.
- Taking several drugs for various conditions. It is important, however, to continue to take prescribed medication and discuss possible problems with a physician.
- Being substantially overweight or underweight.
- Drinking alcoholic beverages.
Lifestyle factors that can increase risk include:
Overdressing. Because they may not feel the heat, older people may not dress appropriately in hot weather. Perhaps a friend or family member can help to select proper clothing. Natural fabrics such as cotton are best.
Visiting overcrowded places. Trips should be scheduled during non-rush hour times and participation in special events should be carefully planned.
Not understanding weather conditions. Older people, particularly those at special risk (see health factors), should stay indoors on especially hot and humid days, particularly when there is an air pollution alert in effect.
Source:
National Institute on Aging
U. S. Department of Health and Human Services
Public Health Service
National Institutes of Health
